Biotechnology

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Monoclonal antibodies are man-made proteins designed to bind to specific antigens, thereby stimulating immunological functions. They are used in various applications, including treating viral infections like Nipah virus. Therefore, all the statements provided are correct.

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Hydrogels are used in various applications such as controlled drug delivery in patients, mobile air-conditioning systems, and preparation of industrial lubricants due to their ability to absorb and retain water. Their unique properties make them suitable for these diverse purposes, showcasing their versatility in different fields.

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Aerial metagenomics involves the collection of DNA samples from the air in a particular habitat in a single operation. This technique allows researchers to study the genetic material present in the air, including microorganisms, viruses, and other airborne particles, providing insights into the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of the environment.

Explanation

DNA Barcoding is a technique that uses short genetic markers to identify species. It can distinguish among species that look alike (statement 2) and identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods (statement 3) by comparing the DNA sequences. This tool is not used to assess the age of a plant or animal (statement 1).

Explanation

Recombinant vector vaccines utilize genetic engineering techniques and employ bacteria or viruses as carriers. Both statements provided are accurate, as these vaccines are developed through genetic engineering and utilize bacteria or viruses as vectors. Therefore, the correct option is (c), which indicates that both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation

Recombinant vector vaccines are developed using genetic engineering techniques where genes from the target pathogen are inserted into vectors like bacteria or viruses. These vectors are then used to deliver the genetic material into the host cells, triggering an immune response. Therefore, both statements are correct as genetic engineering is involved, and bacteria and viruses are used as vectors in the development of recombinant vector vaccines.

Explanation

Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are associated with the development of genetically modified crop plants. These technologies involve the incorporation of genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into crop plants like cotton to make them resistant to certain insect pests. This genetic modification helps in reducing the need for chemical pesticides and promotes sustainable agriculture practices.

Explanation

In biomedical technologies, artificial hearts serve as a support to the natural heart rather than a complete replacement. Current artificial kidneys do not utilize living cells, and artificial lungs are designed to facilitate gas exchange by removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the blood. The correct statement from the options provided is that artificial lungs provide respiratory support (Option c).

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In the field of human reproductive technology, the technique known as "Pronuclear Transfer" is utilized to prevent mitochondrial diseases in offspring. This method involves the creation of a "three-parent baby" with genetic material from the father, mother, and a female donor.

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RNA interference (RNAi) technology has become popular due to its applications in gene silencing therapies, cancer treatment, and the development of virus-resistant crop plants. It is not utilized for hormone replacement therapies.

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Cas9 is a protein known as a molecular scissors, which is utilized in CRISPR genome editing technology for precise gene editing purposes.

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The Cas9 protein, also known as CRISPR/Cas9, is a molecular tool used for precise gene editing. It acts like a pair of molecular scissors that can target and modify specific genes in an organism's DNA.

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RNA interference (RNAi) technology has become increasingly popular due to its applications in developing gene silencing therapies, cancer treatments, hormone replacement therapies, and creating crop plants resistant to pathogens. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University researchers have successfully introduced virus resistance in crops using RNAi. Therefore, options 1, 2, and 4 are correct. Additionally, RNAi is being researched for treating diseases like hepatitis, AIDS, Huntington's disease, and cancer, confirming option 2. Hence, the correct answer is (a).

Explanation

Genetically Modified (GM) mustard in India contains genes from a soil bacterium that provide pest-resistance and enable cross-pollination. The development of GM mustard was a project led by Dr. Deepak Pental from Delhi University to create a hybrid variety called DMH-11 by cross-pollinating Indian and European mustard plants. Therefore, statement 2 is correct, but statement 3 is incorrect. By eliminating options, we can conclude that the correct answer is (b) 2 only.

Explanation

3D printing technology can be used to create bionic ears and aid in reconstructive surgeries by printing living tissues with stem-cell bioink. This makes options 2 and 4 correct. The correct answer is option (a), which includes the applications of 3D printing in the automotive industry, preparation of confectionery items, and reconstructive surgeries.

Explanation

In the context of agriculture in India, the technique of 'genome sequencing' can play a crucial role in the near future. Genome sequencing can assist in pinpointing genetic markers associated with disease resistance and drought tolerance in different crop plants. Additionally, this method aids in speeding up the process of developing new crop plant varieties. Furthermore, it can be utilized to unravel the interactions between hosts and pathogens in crops. Therefore, the correct answer is option (d) as all three statements are valid and can contribute significantly to agricultural advancements.

Explanation

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Technology is primarily used for reproductive cloning of animals. This technology gained attention when the sheep "Dolly" was successfully cloned using SCNT. Furthermore, news reports have highlighted the cloning of buffalos using the same technology. Therefore, the correct application of SCNT Technology is the reproductive cloning of animals, making option (c) the correct answer.

Explanation

Nanotechnology plays a crucial role in the health sector by enabling targeted drug delivery and significantly aiding in gene therapy. This means that diseases can be more effectively treated by addressing them at the genetic level. By utilizing nanotechnology, medical professionals can focus on treating the root cause of the problem rather than just managing symptoms.

Explanation

In the context of creating transgenic crops, techniques such as cytoplasmic male sterility and gene silencing are employed. On the other hand, budding and grafting in fruit plants are not utilized for producing transgenic crops, but rather for routine horticultural activities.

Explanation

In the creation of transgenic crops, the techniques of cytoplasmic male sterility and gene silencing are utilized. These methods involve genetic engineering to modify the crops. On the other hand, budding and grafting are traditional propagation methods that do not involve genetic modification.

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The techniques of budding and grafting in fruit plants are not used for creating transgenic crops. Instead, the technologies of cytoplasmic male sterility and gene silencing have been developed specifically for producing transgenic plants.

Explanation

Recombinant DNA technology, also known as Genetic Engineering, enables the transfer of genes between different species of plants, from animals to plants, and from microorganisms to higher organisms. The correct answer is option (d), which includes all three possibilities of gene transfer.

Explanation

Mycorrhizal biotechnology is utilized in restoring degraded sites because it allows plants to withstand drought, expand their absorptive area, endure extreme pH conditions, and fend off diseases. All three statements are accurate, making option (d) - 1, 2, and 3 - the correct answer.

Explanation

Mycorrhizal biotechnology is beneficial for restoring degraded sites because it helps plants resist drought, increases their absorptive area, enables them to tolerate extreme pH levels, and makes them more resistant to disease. These associations enhance nutrient and water uptake efficiency, boost resistance to pathogens, and help plants thrive in challenging environmental conditions. Mycorrhizal biotechnology has shown to improve plant growth and survival in soils contaminated with heavy metals.

Explanation

In the field of Genetic Engineering, Recombinant DNA technology allows for the transfer of genes across different species of plants, from animals to plants, and from microorganisms to higher organisms. This means that genetic material from various sources can be combined to create new DNA sequences. The correct answer to the question is (d), as all three scenarios are possible with Recombinant DNA technology.

Explanation

Genetically engineered plants have been developed for several purposes beyond just pest resistance. These include enhancing their ability to survive drought, boosting the nutritional content of their produce, prolonging their shelf life, and enabling them to carry out photosynthesis in environments like spaceships and space stations. The correct answer option is (c) 1, 2, and 4, as the third statement about growing plants in space is not accurate.

Explanation

Genetically modified crops refer to crops whose genetic makeup has been modified using genetic engineering methods to incorporate specific desired characteristics.

Explanation

A genetically modified variety of brinjal called Bt-brinjal has been produced by inserting a gene cry1Ac from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis into the brinjal plant. This genetic modification aims to provide resistance to lepidopteran insects such as the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer Leucinodes orbonalis and Fruit Borer Helicoverpa armigera to the brinjal plant.

Explanation

Golden rice is a type of genetically modified rice that has been engineered to contain pro-vitamin A, specifically Beta carotene and other carotenoids. When consumed, the pro-vitamin A in golden rice is converted into Vitamin A within the human body.

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Electroporation is a technique that involves using electric pulses to create temporary openings in the cell walls of bacteria, allowing for the uptake of foreign DNA.

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Mon 863 is a type of maize that has been genetically modified to be resistant to a common pest called the corn root worm.

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Commercial production of human insulin involves utilizing genetically modified E. coli bacteria through genetic engineering techniques.

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Dr. V. Mohan Reddy achieved a significant milestone in February 2005 by successfully performing an arterial switch open heart surgery on a premature infant weighing 700 grams.

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In 1981, Adam Osborne unveiled the initial portable computer, while in 1996, English embryologist Ian Wilmut successfully cloned a mammal, specifically a sheep. The correct answer is option (c) - Both statements 1 and 2 are accurate.

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Stem cells are a type of cells that have the ability to develop into specific cell types. They can be obtained from two main sources: embryos at the blastocyst stage of development and adult tissues, known as adult stem cells.

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Monsanto, an American multinational company, has developed a type of cotton that is resistant to insects and is currently being tested in India. This genetically modified cotton contains a toxic gene that has been transferred from Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium. Bacillus thuringiensis, also known as Bt, is a naturally occurring bacterium found in soils globally. It has unique insecticidal properties that make it effective for controlling pests in specific circumstances, as different strains of Bt can infect and eliminate insects.

Explanation

Genetically engineered cotton plants that are resistant to insects have been created by introducing a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.

Explanation

Hybridoma technology is a modern biotechnological method for the mass production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are specialized proteins that offer protection and are created by replicating a single immune cell. This technology helps in producing these antibodies on a large scale for various applications.

Explanation

Genetically modified cotton plants have been made insect-resistant by adding the Bt gene, which comes from a type of bacterium. This gene helps the plants to defend against different insects and pests.