Indian National Movement

Explanation

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a key figure in the Indian National Movement who advocated for a blend of traditional Eastern philosophies with rational and scientific principles. He emphasized the importance of human dignity and social equality, urging his countrymen to embrace these values. This makes both statements about him being respectful of traditional philosophies and promoting rationality and equality correct.

Explanation

Boycott of law-courts and foreign cloth, observance of strict non-violence, and retention of titles and honours without using them in public were part of the Non-Cooperation Programme during the Indian National Movement. However, the establishment of Panchayats for settling disputes was not a part of the Non-Cooperation Programme.

Explanation

Madan Mohan Malaviya and Krishna Kant provided legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of the Chauri Chaura incident. This action showcased their commitment to upholding justice and supporting those involved in the freedom struggle, reflecting the Gandhian principles of non-violence and civil disobedience during that era.

Explanation

The Poona Pact was an agreement between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi in 1932, which reserved seats for the depressed classes (Harijans) in provincial legislatures. This event marked a significant shift in Gandhi's approach towards untouchability and the upliftment of Harijans, leading him to include their cause in his political and social agenda.

Explanation

The 'Self-Respect Movement' was founded by 'Periyar' E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker. He was a prominent social reformer and politician from Tamil Nadu who advocated for social equality and justice, particularly focusing on the rights and dignity of the lower castes and women in society. His movement aimed to promote self-respect and challenge traditional social norms and practices that perpetuated discrimination and inequality.

Explanation

7th August is celebrated as National Handloom Day in India to honor the Swadeshi Movement that was launched on the same day in 1905. The Swadeshi Movement aimed to promote Indian goods and boycott British products, emphasizing self-reliance and independence from colonial rule. This connection between the Swadeshi Movement and National Handloom Day highlights the historical significance of indigenous industries in India's freedom struggle.

Explanation

Rash Behari Bose was actively associated with the Ghadar Party. He played a significant role in the revolutionary activities of the Ghadar movement, which aimed at overthrowing British rule in India. Bose was involved in organizing and leading the movement from abroad, particularly in East Asia.

Explanation

The statement about any Province having the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status is correct in the context of the proposals of the Cripps Mission. This provision was aimed at addressing the concerns of provinces that were not ready to accept the new Constitution proposed by the mission.

Explanation

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School, which later became known as Bethune Female School. Vidyasagar played a significant role in promoting women's education in India and was instrumental in the establishment and development of Bethune Female School in Kolkata.

Explanation

Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon are remembered as officers of the Indian National Army, which was formed during World War II with the aim of liberating India from British colonial rule. They played significant roles in the INA's fight for independence alongside Subhas Chandra Bose.

Explanation

Madanapalle in Andhra Pradesh is known for being the place where Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English. This significant event took place in 1919 during Tagore's visit to the Theosophical College in Madanapalle.

Explanation

Both Gandhism and Marxism share the common goal of envisioning a society without a state. While Gandhi advocated for a self-regulating system known as Ramrajya, Marx believed in the concept of the 'withering away of the State'. This common agreement highlights their shared vision of a stateless society.

Explanation

In the 1890s, the indigenous Mundas of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, led by Birsa Munda, rose up in rebellion against British colonial rule. This uprising was known as Ulgulan, or the Great Tumult.

Explanation

During the freedom struggle, Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar wrote the book 'Desher Katha', which highlighted the dangers of the Colonial State's influence on people's minds. The book inspired the performance of patriotic street plays and folk songs. Although Deuskar used the term 'desh' in reference to Bengal, the book's message was not limited to that region. Therefore, statements 1 and 2 are correct, leading to the correct answer choice of (a).

Explanation

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, also known as the Delhi Pact, was signed on 5th March 1931. It included the withdrawal of ordinances related to the Civil Disobedience Movement, inviting Congress to the Round Table Conference, and releasing prisoners not charged with violence. It did not involve an inquiry into police excesses. The correct option is (b) 1, 2 and 4 only.

Explanation

Gopal Baba Walangkar, a prominent figure in the 19th-century Mahar Movement, was the publisher of the pioneering monthly journal Vital-Vidhvansak, which was the first to specifically target the untouchable community.

Explanation

The Swadeshi Movement, which began on August 15, 1906, involved the establishment of the National Council of Education and promoted the development of indigenous artisan crafts and industries such as textile mills, soap factories, and match factories. Therefore, both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Explanation

During a War Conference in Delhi in April 1918, Viceroy Chelmsford invited Gandhi to attend. Gandhi expressed his support for recruiting individuals for the war effort, contrary to the statement in option 2. By eliminating this incorrect statement, we find that the correct answer is (b) – only statements 1 and 3 are accurate.

Explanation

In the context of the Indian National Movement, the pairs given are as follows: 1. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru as the President of the All India Liberal Federation 2. K.C. Neogy as a Member of The Constituent Assembly 3. P.C. Joshi as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India The correct matches are all three pairs given in Option (d) as P.C. Joshi was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India and K.C. Neogy was a member of the Constituent Assembly from West Bengal.

Explanation

All the pairs provided are accurately matched. Mahatma Gandhi established the All India Anti-Untouchability League in September 1932. The All India Kisan Sabha was formed in 1936, with Swami Sahjanand Saraswati serving as its president.

Explanation

Lala Lajpat Rai established the Indian Home Rule League in the United States in 1916. He authored biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna.

Explanation

The Champaran Satyagraha is notable for its connection to the peasant unrest in India and its integration into the larger National Movement. Options (a), (b), and (d) are not relevant to this significant aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha.

Explanation

In 1920, the All India Home Rule League changed its name to 'Swarajya Sabha' after Gandhi accepted the presidency of the organization due to persistent requests from its members.

Explanation

In 1859, Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan, which was the earliest event among the options provided. Satyendranath Tagore cleared the Civil Services Examination in 1863, Arya Samaj was founded in 1875, and Anandmath was written in 1882.

Explanation

Wood's Dispatch recommended the introduction of the Grants-in-Aid system and the establishment of universities, but it did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all levels of education. Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 2 only, making option (a) the correct answer.

Explanation

The Hind Mazdoor Sabha was established in 1948, with its founders being Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta. During the Founding Conference, Ashok Mehta was elected as the General Secretary, while G.G. Mehta and V.S. Mathur were chosen as Secretaries.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, the pairs mentioned are as follows: 1. Radhakanta Deb was not the First President of the British Indian Association, so this pair is incorrect. 2. GazuluLakshminarasuChetty was indeed the Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha, so this pair is correct. 3. Surendranath Banerjee was the Founder of the Indian Association, so this pair is also correct. Therefore, the correct match among the pairs is (b) 1 and 3 only.

Explanation

The correct chronological sequence of events in the Indian freedom struggle is as follows: Second Round Table Conference, Quit India Movement, and Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy. The Second Round Table Conference took place in 1931, followed by the Quit India Movement launched in August 1942, and finally the RIN Mutiny occurred on February 18, 1946. So, the correct sequence is option (c) 3-2-1.

Explanation

The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 established a framework of tribunals and aimed to prohibit strikes.

Explanation

The Factories Act of 1881 was not intended to fix industrial workers' wages or allow the formation of trade unions, as it focused on improving factory workers' working conditions. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect. N.M. Lokhande played a significant role in organizing the labor movement in British India, making statement 2 correct.

Explanation

During the Indian National Movement, the strategies of 'Swadeshi' and 'Boycott' were first employed as forms of protest during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal in 1905.

Explanation

Satyashodhak Samaj, founded by Jyotirao Phule on September 24, 1873, was created with the primary goal of freeing the social shudra and untouchable castes from exploitation and oppression.

Explanation

Keshab Chandra Sen played a role in founding the Tabernacle of New Dispensation and was associated with the Indian Reform Association. The Calcutta Unitarian Committee was established by Raja Rammohan Roy. Therefore, Keshab Chandra Sen is linked to the establishment of the Tabernacle of New Dispensation and the Indian Reform Association.

Explanation

The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was primarily caused by the extremists' lack of confidence in the moderates' ability to engage in negotiations with the British government.

Explanation

Sir Stafford Cripps' proposal after World War II was to grant Dominion status to India.

Explanation

The Congress Socialist Party believed in boycotting British goods and avoiding taxes. It aimed to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. The party also supported the idea of separate electorates for minorities and oppressed classes. However, all of these statements are incorrect.

Explanation

During the Rowlatt Satyagraha, Mahatma Gandhi attempted to make use of the Home Rule Leagues, some pan-Islamist groups, and a satyagraha sabha. The Rowlatt Act was formulated based on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee, which was established in 1918. Additionally, the protests against the Simon Commission coincided with the Rowlatt Satyagraha.

Explanation

Annie Besant was the first woman to hold the position of President in the Indian National Congress. Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim to become President of the Indian National Congress.

Explanation

The 1929 Session of the Indian National Congress holds importance in the Freedom Movement history as it declared the goal of achieving Poorna Swaraj.

Explanation

In 1911, during a royal visit to India, King George V attended a grand assembly in Delhi known as the durbar. It was during this event that the Partition of Bengal, which had been implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905, was officially revoked.

Explanation

The Ghadr Party was a revolutionary group established by Punjabi Indians in the United States and Canada, with its base in San Francisco.

Explanation

The Tebhaga Peasant Movement in Bengal was a demand by peasants to reduce the landlords' share of the crop from one-half to one-third. The movement aimed to secure a larger portion of the produce for the cultivating peasants.

Explanation

Annie Besant played a key role in initiating the Home Rule Movement and served as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1917. However, it is important to note that she was not the founder of the Theosophical Society; that credit goes to Henry Steel Olcott.

Explanation

In November 1927, the British government established the Simon Commission, which was named after its chairman. The commission consisted entirely of English members.

Explanation

The Congress ministries resigned from their positions in seven provinces in October and November 1939. This decision was made in response to Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's declaration that India was a belligerent in the Second World War without seeking the opinion of the Indian people.

Explanation

During the Indian freedom struggle, the National Social Conference was established because the Indian National Congress chose not to address social reform issues in its discussions and opted to create a distinct organization to focus on that aspect.

Explanation

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar founded the All India Scheduled Castes Federation and the Independent Labour Party.

Explanation

Dadabhai Naoroji's most significant contribution to the Indian National Movement was his exposure of the economic exploitation of India by the British.

Explanation

The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in 1929 holds significant historical importance for three main reasons. Firstly, during this session, the Congress adopted a resolution demanding complete independence. Secondly, the divide between the extremist and moderate factions within the Congress was resolved. Lastly, a resolution rejecting the two-nation theory was passed. The correct statement among the options provided is that only the first statement is correct, which is that the Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence.

Explanation

The Rowlatt Act focused on allowing imprisonment without trial and quick trial procedures.

Explanation

During a time of drought in Kheda, the British administration continued to collect land revenue, causing hardship for the peasants. Additionally, there was a proposal to implement a permanent settlement in Gujarat. Mahatma Gandhi organized a satyagraha to support the peasants in their struggle against these injustices. The correct statement is that the administration did not suspend land revenue collection despite the drought, as mentioned in option (a).

Explanation

Usha Mehta is famous for her role in setting up and running the Secret Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement of 1942. This underground radio station operated for a short period to support the freedom struggle.

Explanation

The Nehru Report advocated for joint electorates without any special provisions for minority communities or weightage. It also proposed the inclusion of fundamental rights in the Constitution, known as Bills of Rights.

Explanation

Sir William Wedderburn and W.S. Caine established the Indian Parliamentary Committee in 1893 with the aim of advocating for Indian political reforms in the House of Commons. Wedderburn, a liberal member, joined parliament in the same year to represent India's concerns and issues within the legislative body.

Explanation

The Simon Commission was established in 1927. The Government of India Act in 1919 introduced the concept of diarchy, which was later replaced by Provincial Autonomy in the Government of India Act of 1935.

Explanation

At the significant Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in 1906, four resolutions were adopted. The disagreement over whether to keep or discard these resolutions led to a division within Congress at the subsequent Surat session in 1907. Among the options provided, the resolution that was not one of the four passed at the Calcutta session was the annulment of the partition of Bengal.

Explanation

Following the Quit India Movement, C. Rajagopalachari released a pamphlet called 'The Way Out'. The pamphlet proposed various solutions to the political situation in India. Among the options presented, one of them was to provide a resolution to the constitutional deadlock. This proposal was highlighted in the pamphlet as a way forward for addressing the challenges faced by the Indian National Movement.

Explanation

The Swadeshi movement was immediately triggered by the partition of Bengal carried out by Lord Curzon. This decision was announced by the government in July 1905, following its initial discussion in December 1903.

Explanation

The first statement is inaccurate as Raj Kumar Shukla was the one who urged Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran. Mahatma Gandhi worked alongside JB Kriplani, Rajendra Prasad, and other individuals during this movement.

Explanation

During the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress in 1931, Sardar Patel served as the presiding officer. At this session, a resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Programme was adopted by the Congress. The Resolution was initially drafted by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, making him the correct option for the question.

Explanation

During the Indian National Movement, the official Congress negotiators with the Cripps Mission were Pandit Nehru and Maulana Azad. The Cripps Mission, led by Stafford Cripps, arrived in India in March 1942 with constitutional proposals from British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

Explanation

In 1936, twenty-one Bombay businessmen signed the 'Bombay Manifesto', which openly criticized Nehru's socialist ideals. This manifesto did not receive support from the business community across India.

Explanation

During the 'Individual Satyagraha' movement, Vinoba Bhave was selected as the initial Satyagrahi. The second person chosen for this role was Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The movement was initiated in October 1940.

Explanation

In the Cripps Proposals, there was a provision for the creation of a constitution-making body, but not for full independence for India. The proposals suggested an Indian union with dominion status instead.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, Aruna Asaf Ali played a significant role as a key female organizer of underground activities during the Quit India Movement. She was a wanted figure with a reward of Rs 5000 on her arrest. As time went on, she became known as the grand old lady of the independence movement.

Explanation

The Rowlatt Act, passed in March 1919, caused widespread outrage during the Indian Freedom Struggle because it allowed the government to detain people without trial. Despite the unanimous opposition of all Indian members of the Central Legislative Council, the act was still implemented.

Explanation

The Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association was established in the year 1917.

Explanation

On 16th October 1905, the Partition of Bengal took effect, which is a significant event in the Indian freedom struggle. This day was marked by mourning in Bengal, with people fasting, bathing in the Ganga, and walking barefoot in processions while singing Bande Mataram.

Explanation

The Hindu College in Calcutta was established through the collaboration of David Hare and Alexander Duff, along with Raja Rammohan Roy. The foundation of the college was laid on January 20, 1817.

Explanation

Gopal Krishna Gokhale, in 1905, founded the Servants of India Society. He declined the title of Knighthood and turned down a role in the Council of State.

Explanation

In January 1942, the Propaganda Ministry in Berlin announced the establishment of the 'Indian National Army' (Jai Hind). The group of men were later given the official title of the 'Free Indian Legion'.

Explanation

In June 1945, the Viceroy Lord Wavell proposed the reconstitution of the Viceroy Executive Council in the Shimla Conference. This plan, also known as the Wavell Plan, aimed to have Indian leaders hold all the Portfolios, including that of War Members.

Explanation

Sri Aurobindo started a series of passionate articles titled 'New Lamps for Old', where he strongly criticized the Indian National Congress for its moderate approach.

Explanation

During the Indian National Movement, who criticized English colonial control of India by using the phrase 'Un-British'? (a) Anandmohan Bose (b) Badruddin Tyabji (c) Dadabhai Naoroji (d) Pherozeshah Mehta Correct Answer: (c) Original: Dadabhai Naoroji authored a book named Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. Rewritten: Dadabhai Naoroji wrote a book titled Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.

Explanation

During the passing of the Rowlatt Act in March 1919, the Viceroy of India was Lord Chelmsford, who held the position from 1916 to 1921.

Explanation

Abul Kalam Azad published the newspaper Al-Hilal, which served as a platform for him to voice criticisms against the British rule in India.

Explanation

The Indian National Congress was established on 28th December 1885 in Bombay, with its inaugural session presided over by W.C. Banerjee. The correct answer is option (b) Bombay.

Explanation

In September 1939, the Viceroy declared that India was in a state of war with Germany without seeking input from any Indian leaders. As a response to this decision, the Congress ministries resigned in October 1939 in protest.

Explanation

The Bhoodan Movement, initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave on April 18, 1951, began in the village of Pochampalli in Telangana (Andhra Pradesh).

Explanation

In the Wavell Plan, it was suggested that there should be an equal number of Hindu and Muslim members in the Executive Council. This was aimed at preventing the partition of India according to Wavell's belief. The correct option is (c). The Wavell Plan was introduced during the Simla Conference held in June 1945.

Explanation

The mass killing at Jallianwala Bagh by the British occurred due to widespread anger provoked by which of the following laws? (a) The Arms Act (b) The Public Safety Act (c) The Rowlatt Act (d) The Vernacular Press Act The correct answer is (c). The tragic event happened on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar during protests against the Rowlatt Act.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi initiated his first Satyagraha in India at Champaran, Bihar in the year 1917.

Explanation

During the Swadeshi Movement in India, the song 'Amar Sonar Bangla' was composed, which later became the National Anthem of Bangladesh and inspired its liberation struggle. This song was written in 1905 in Bangla. Rabindranath Tagore, the renowned poet and writer, authored this significant composition, making him the only person to have written the National Anthem of two countries, India and Bangladesh.

Explanation

P V Narasimha Rao, the 9th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996, authored the book "Ayodhya: 6 December 1992". This book was written by him.

Explanation

The newspaper Shome Prakash was established by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

Explanation

The Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, saw the adoption of a resolution advocating complete independence from British rule. The first Independence Day was celebrated on January 26, 1930, and this date was eventually chosen for the adoption of the Indian constitution.

Explanation

Madam Bhikaji Cama raised the Indian National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany in 1907, not in Paris as stated. This event occurred on August 21st, 1907.

Explanation

Dr. Rajendra Prasad held the Food and Agriculture portfolio in the Interim Government formed in 1946. Following Indian independence in 1947, he went on to become the first President of India.

Explanation

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's novel 'Anand Math' gained prominence for its portrayal of which revolt? It was the Sanyasi rebellion, set in the late 18th century, as depicted in the 1882 Bengali novel by Chatterjee.

Explanation

The Ghadar revolutionaries were located in San Francisco (North America) and had branches across the US Coast and in the far East.

Explanation

During the Quit India Movement, Mahatma Gandhi advised government servants to declare their loyalty to the Congress, not resign. He also urged soldiers to remain at their posts but refrain from using force.

Explanation

Under the Act of 1935, Congress ministries were established in several provinces such as Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, Orissa, United Provinces, Bihar, NWFP, and Assam. Notably, a Congress ministry was not formed in Punjab under this Act.

Explanation

In October 1920, M.N. Roy led a group of Indians in Tashkent to establish the communist party of India. Prominent individuals involved in this event also included Abani Mukherjee and Mohd. Ali Mohd. Shafiq.

Explanation

During the Karachi session of Congress in 1931, the resolution on fundamental rights was drafted by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. It is important to note that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel presided over this session.

Explanation

The U.P. Kisan Sabha was established in February 1918 by Indra Narain Dwivedi and Gauri Shankar Misra. Madan Mohan Malviya showed his support for their cause. Jawaharlal Nehru was not involved in the formation of this organization.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, which of the following pairs are correctly matched with the movement or satyagraha and the person associated with it? 1. Champaran: Rajendra Prasad 2. Ahmedabad Mill Workers: Morarji Desai 3. Kheda: Vallabhai Patel The correct combination is Champaran with Rajendra Prasad and Kheda with Vallabhai Patel. This means that option (c) 1 and 3 is correct. To provide some context, Champaran was the site of the First Civil Disobedience movement in 1917, Ahmedabad Mill Strike saw the First Hunger Strike in March 1918, and Kheda Satyagraha marked the First Non-Cooperation movement in June 1918.

Explanation

In the UPSC exam, the question asked about the Indian National Movement. It presented two statements related to historical events. The first statement claimed that Lord Mountbatten was the Viceroy during the Shimla conference. However, this statement is incorrect as Lord Wavell held the position of Viceroy during the Shimla Conference in June 1945. The second statement discussed the Indian Navy Revolt of 1946, which occurred when Indian sailors in the Royal Indian Navy stationed in Bombay and Karachi rebelled against the Government. The correct answer to the question is option (b), which indicates that only the second statement is accurate.

Explanation

The facts presented in the statements are as follows: 1. Dr. Ambedkar sought separate electorates for the oppressed classes during the First Round Table Conference. 2. The Poona Act included provisions for the representation of oppressed individuals in local governing bodies and civil services. 3. The Indian National Congress was absent from the Third Round Table Conference. The correct statements are 1 and 3, as mentioned in option (c).

Explanation

Subhash Chandra Bose founded the Forward Bloc on May 3, 1939, after splitting from the Congress. The party was known for its left-wing nationalist ideology and had a strong presence in West Bengal.

Explanation

Statement 3 is incorrect because it was actually Raja Ram Mohan Roy's campaign against Sati that resulted in the passing of the Bengal Regulation Act of 1829. The Bethune School in Calcutta was established in 1849 by JED Bethune, not Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

Explanation

The Fabian Society was a British socialist intellectual movement that advocated for the gradual promotion of socialist concepts.

Explanation

In the Government of India Act, 1935, diarchy in the Governor's provinces was abolished and replaced with provincial autonomy. The Governors were given the power to veto legislative actions, issue ordinances, and enact governor's acts. However, communal representation was not abolished as separate electorates based on communal lines continued under this act. Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 2, making the answer (b).

Explanation

The statement that the First Session of the Indian National Congress was held in Calcutta is incorrect. The first session actually took place in 1885 in Bombay and was presided over by W.C. Banerjee.

Explanation

The Montagu-Chelmsford Report, announced in July 1918, laid the foundation for the Government of India Act, 1919.

Explanation

In 1921, Maulana Hasrat Mohani suggested that Swaraj should be understood as total independence without any foreign influence.

Explanation

During the Indian National Movement, Rabindranath Tagore famously returned the Knighthood bestowed upon him by the British Government in protest against the atrocities committed in Punjab in 1919, specifically the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13th.

Explanation

In the timeline of India's freedom struggle, the events unfolded as follows: Minto-Morley Reforms took place in 1909, Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms in 1918, Chauri-Chaura Outrage in February 1922, and Dandi March in 1930. Therefore, the correct chronological order of these events is option (b) 2, 4, 1, 3.

Explanation

The Interim Cabinet was established on September 2, 1946, following the recommendations of the Cabinet Mission. Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as the head of this temporary government.

Explanation

During the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928, which took place in Gujarat, the leader was Vallabhbhai Patel. He was honored with the title of Sardar by the women of Bardoli for his role in the movement.

Explanation

In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was enacted by the Government, leading to Maulana Mohammad Ali and Abul Kalam Azad resigning from the Legislative Council. This occurred during the Khilafat Movement, not in 1916 as previously stated.

Explanation

In 1931, during the Congress Session in Karachi, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was supported, not opposed. Vallabh Bhai Patel was the president of this session.

Explanation

The Cripps Mission of 1942 aimed to establish an Indian Union with Dominion status shortly after the conclusion of World War II. This would grant India the freedom to determine its connections with the Commonwealth.

Explanation

After the Congress leaders criticized the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, a group of moderates, led by Surendra Nath Banerjea, split from the party in 1919 to establish the Indian Liberal Federation.

Explanation

The All-India Muslim League, established in 1906 in Dacca, actually endorsed the partition of Bengal to ensure a Muslim majority in the province after it was divided.

Explanation

During the partition of India, the President of the Indian National Congress was Acharya J.B. Kriplani, who held the position from November 1946 to December 1947.

Explanation

During the colonial period of Indian history, the Communal Award was introduced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald in August 1932. The August Offer was made in 1940. The Doctrine of Lapse, implemented by Dalhousie, led to the annexation of several states. The Government of India Act 1919 established the system of diarchy.

Explanation

The Khudai Khidmatgars, also known as the Red Shirts, advocated for the unity of Pathan regions and a fight against colonial rule during the Indian independence movement. Led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, these individuals, who were also referred to as the Frontier Gandhi, promoted a peaceful resistance against the British Empire by the Pashtuns.

Explanation

The assertion that the impact of labor involvement in the early 1930s Indian nationalist movement was weak is supported by the fact that labor leaders viewed the Indian National Congress ideology as bourgeois and reactionary, influenced by communist beliefs. This limited their active participation in the nationalist upsurge at that time.

Explanation

The final chance to prevent the partition of India was missed when the Cabinet Mission was turned down in 1946. This mission aimed to establish an interim Government for India, but it was rejected by the Muslim League.

Explanation

The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, founded in 1870 by M.G. Ranaday and Joshi, presented a petition to the House of Commons in 1875 requesting direct representation for India in the British parliament.

Explanation

The Hunter Commission was established following the tragic incident known as the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre that took place on 13 April 1919.

Explanation

During the Ahmedabad session of 1920, it was Maulana Hazrat Mohani, a radical Congressman, who put forward a resolution advocating for the adoption of Complete Independence as the Congress' goal.

Explanation

The renowned Chittagong Armoury raid was orchestrated in April 1930 by Surya Sen, who led a group of 65 activists belonging to the Indian Republican Army - Chittagong Branch.

Explanation

In 1908, a branch of the All India Muslim League was founded in London by Syed Ameer Ali, who also served as its president. This branch was established to further the objectives of the League.

Explanation

The All India States' Peoples' Conference, a political group during British rule in India, had Jawaharlal Nehru as its president from 1935 to 1947.

Explanation

Tipu Sultan was the Indian ruler who set up embassies in France, Turkey, and Egypt following modern practices.

Explanation

The Arya Samaj was established in 1875 in Bombay by Dayananda Saraswati, not in 1835. Lala Lajpat Rai was a member of the Arya Samaj and did not oppose its beliefs.

Explanation

The statement "In this instance we could not play off the Mohammedans against the Hindus" by Aitchison is related to the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-22). Aitchison, who was the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, acknowledged the importance of Hindu-Muslim unity during the events of the movement.

Explanation

During March 1942, the Indian National Army (I.N.A.) was formed in Japan under the guidance of Mohan Singh. The concept of the I.N.A. was initially developed in Malaya.

Explanation

The Mountbatten Plan was established on June 3, 1947. Instead of dividing India, Gandhi proposed to Mountbatten that he should ask Jinnah to lead the government.

Explanation

In the early 20th century, Tripura State joined the freedom movement because there were existing groups opposing the Kingship and its British supporters.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, match the following groups with their associated leaders: Chittagong Armoury Raid with Kalpana Dutt, Abhinav Bharat with Vikram Damodar Savarkar, Anushilan Samiti with Aurobindo Ghosh, and Kuka Movement with Guru Ram Singh. The correct match is A-1; B-3; C-4; D-2. The Chittagong Armoury Raid occurred in April 1930, Abhinav Bharat was established in 1904, and Anushilan Samiti was founded in 1902 in Calcutta.

Explanation

During the August Movement of 1942, Lord Linlithgo considered it to be a significant revolt, comparable to the Sepoy mutiny. Peasants actively participated in the movement in various regions. The assertion that the August Movement was a serious revolt and that peasants played a major role is supported by historical facts. Therefore, option (a) is correct, as both statements are true, and the participation of peasants is the correct explanation for the seriousness of the revolt. The movement marked a crucial moment in the Indian National Movement, as it brought the demand for independence to the forefront and demonstrated the bravery and commitment of ordinary people in the struggle for freedom.

Explanation

The assertion that the early nationalist movement had a limited social base is true, as it primarily represented the interests of specific social groups. However, the reason provided, stating that early nationalists fought for the rights of common people, is false.

Explanation

During the 1938 Haripura session of the Indian National Congress, Subhash Chandra Bose, the Congress President at that time, advocated for the introduction of the Roman script for the Hindi language.

Explanation

During the partition of India, the province of Punjab proposed a plan for a united and independent existence.

Explanation

The Balkan Plan for the fragmentation of India was conceived by Lord Mountbatten in 1947. This plan involved transferring power to individual provinces, with Punjab and Bengal being given the choice to vote for the partition of their provinces.

Explanation

The Indian National Congress has seen several notable figures in its leadership roles. Sarojini Naidu served as the Congress President in 1925 in Kanpur, making her the second woman to hold this position after Annie Besant in 1917 in Calcutta. A.O. Hume is recognized as the founder of the INC in 1885. Alfred Webb took on the role of Congress President in 1894 in Madras.

Explanation

In 1904, the secret society of revolutionaries known as 'Abinava Bharat' was formed by V.D. Savarkar.

Explanation

Subhash Chandra Bose and the socialist group believed that the war between Germany and Britain was driven by imperialism, as both sides sought to acquire or protect colonial territories. They saw this conflict as a unique opportunity for Indians to seize freedom by initiating a Civil Disobedience Movement without delay.

Explanation

The Cabinet Mission Plan was introduced in May 1946. Among the leaders of the Congress, Sardar Patel was the one who fully supported the Cabinet Mission Plan.

Explanation

Surendranath Banerji passed the competitive exam in 1869, but was prevented from joining the Indian Civil Service due to a disagreement about his age. He passed the exam a second time in 1874 and was appointed as an assistant magistrate in Sylhet. However, Banerji was later fired from his position because of discrimination based on his race.

Explanation

The August Movement of 1942 was considered a significant uprising by Lord Linlithgow, likening it to the seriousness of the Sepoy Mutiny. The reason behind this assessment was the widespread peasant revolt that occurred in certain regions. The movement brought the demand for independence to the forefront of the national movement, marking a point of no return after Quit India. The common people involved in this struggle exhibited remarkable bravery and determination.

Explanation

Gandhi's initial involvement in nationwide politics began with the Champaran Movement, marking his first significant step on the all-India stage.

Explanation

Bal Gangadhar Tilak criticized the Congress strategy of pray and petition as a form of political begging. He advocated for a more assertive approach, emphasizing activism over passivity.

Explanation

In this question, you were asked to match individuals from List-I with their corresponding associations from List-II. The correct match is A. Shyamji Krishna Varma with 2. Indian Sociologist, B. Madame Bhikaji Cama with 3. The Talwar, C. Annie Besant with 4. Commonwealth, and D. Aurobindo Gosh with 1. Bande Mataram. The correct answer option is (a), where A-2; B-3; C-4; D-1.

Explanation

The book "The Life Divine" is the significant philosophical work of Sri Aurobindo.

Explanation

The correct sequence of events is as follows - the Karnagatamaru Incident occurred in September 1914, followed by the establishment of Tilak's Home Rule League in April 1916, and then Mahatma Gandhi's return to India from South Africa in 1915. The correct option is (d).

Explanation

The Simon Commission of 1927 faced a boycott because it did not have any Indian members among its seven-member panel.

Explanation

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on April 13, 1919 in Amritsar. This event was labeled by Montague as 'Preventive Murder'.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, the correct pairs are as follows: 1. Theodore Beck was associated with the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College in Aligarh. 2. Ilbert Bill was linked to Ripon. 3. Pherozeshah Mehta was connected with the Indian National Congress. 4. Badruddin Tyabji, although not affiliated with the Muslim League, served as the first Muslim president of the INC in 1887 in Madras. Therefore, the correct pairs are 1, 2, and 3, making the correct option (d).

Explanation

Lord Curzon, who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, is credited with the statement, "The Congress is tottering to its fall and one of my great ambitions while in India, is to assist it to a peaceful demise." This remark indicates his desire to see the Congress party decline peacefully during his time in India.

Explanation

The Ghaddar Party was founded in 1913 with Lala Hardayal as its leader. The party was headquartered in San Francisco.

Explanation

Lord Mountbatten arrived in India as the Viceroy with a clear directive to maintain the unity of the Indian subcontinent, if feasible. However, faced with the challenge of growing tensions, he ultimately had to resort to the Plan Balkan as a solution to the partition.

Explanation

The Khilafat movement successfully incorporated urban Muslims into the Indian National Movement because both movements shared a strong anti-imperialist sentiment. This means that both statements, Assertion and Reason, are true, and the Reason explains why the Assertion is true.

Explanation

The statement that the first Bill to make primary education mandatory in India was rejected in 1911 is incorrect. In reality, the rejection occurred in 1913 when a resolution on Education Policy was introduced. The government declined to accept the obligation of ensuring compulsory education.

Explanation

The assertion that the Congress rejected the Cripps proposals is correct because the proposals suggested dominion status instead of full independence after World War II. The reason given, that the Cripps Mission was composed entirely of white individuals, is also true. However, the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

Explanation

In 1946, the Indian Muslims League joined the interim government, leading to the formation of the Interim Government on September 2nd. Liyaqat Ali Khan was appointed to oversee the Department of Finance.

Explanation

The Indian National Congress agreed to the partition of India in 1947 primarily to prevent widespread communal violence. Despite their efforts to achieve independence, they ultimately accepted partition due to the complex circumstances in the country at that time. This decision was driven by a desire to avoid large-scale riots and maintain peace among different religious and ethnic communities in India.

Explanation

During India's Independence, Mahatma Gandhi was not a member of the Congress party. He was actively working in Calcutta to promote peace and unity in the nation, which was experiencing widespread violence at the time.

Explanation

The Butler Committee Report focused on the relationship between the Indian State and the Paramount Power. The Hurtog Committee Report examined the growth of education in British India and its potential impact. The Hunter Inquiry Committee Report dealt with the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. The Muddiman Committee Report analyzed the functioning of Dyarchy as outlined in the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. Matching these reports with their respective topics, the correct option is (d) A-2; B-4; C-1; D-3.

Explanation

The description provided in the question refers to a prominent figure in the Indian National Movement, Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Gokhale, born on May 9, 1866 in Kotaluk, Maharashtra, achieved his graduation at the young age of 18 from Elphinstone College in 1884. At the age of 39, he assumed the role of President during the 1905 session of the Indian National Congress held in Benaras.

Explanation

The events and their corresponding results are as follows: Morley Minto Reforms led to Communal electorates, Simon Commission resulted in Communal outbreaks, Chauri-Chaura incident led to Illegal manufacture of salt, and Dandi March resulted in the Withdrawal of a movement. The correct match is A-3; B-1; C-2; D-5, as per the timeline: Morley Minto Reforms in 1909, Simon Commission in 1927, Chauri-Chaura Incident in 1922, and Dandi March in 1930.

Explanation

The Poona Pact was signed in 1934 between Mahatma Gandhi and the British Government. It provided for a joint electorate system with reservations for the Harijans. This agreement replaced the earlier system of separate electorates for the depressed classes. Additionally, the number of reserved seats for the depressed classes in provincial and state legislatures was increased as part of the pact.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, match the events in List-I with their respective years in List-II: List-I: A. Surat Split, B. Communal Award, C. All Party Convention, D. Poorna Swaraj Resolution List-II: 1. 1929, 2. 1928, 3. 1932, 4. 1907, 5. 1905 Options: (a) A-4; B-3; C-1; D-5 (b) A-4; B-3; C-2; D-1 (c) A-2; B-5; C-4; D-1 (d) A-1; B-4; C-2; D-3 Correct Answer: (b) The Surat Split occurred during the 1907 session of the Indian National Congress under the presidency of Ras Behari Ghosh. The Communal Award was introduced by Ramsay McDonald in August 1932. The Poorna Swaraj Resolution was adopted during the 1929 session of the INC held in Lahore and chaired by Nehru.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, the Chittagong Armoury Raid was orchestrated by Surya Sen. Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan masterminded the Kakori Conspiracy, which involved a train robbery. Jatin Das was incarcerated in Lahore jail due to his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case. The Ghadar Party was founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna, with Lala Hardayal serving as the co-founder.

Explanation

The distinguished members M.C. Setalvad, B.N. Rao, and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer were associated with the Servants of India Society, which was established by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Pune, Maharashtra on June 12, 1905.

Explanation

Match the following revolts with their respective locations: Moplah revolt occurred in Malabar, Kerala in 1921; Pabna revolt took place in East Bengal in 1873; Eka movement happened in the districts of UP during 1921-22; Birsa Munda led a revolt in Ranchi, Bihar in 1899 (now part of Jharkhand). The correct match is A – 1; B – 3; C – 4; D – 2, as per the options provided.

Explanation

The correct answer is option (a) Boycott. This form of political protest is named after Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott, a British land agent who was socially isolated by the local community in Ireland in 1880 as a tactic in a movement for the rights of agricultural tenants. This incident led to the creation of the term "to boycott" in the English language.

Explanation

The Sarabandi (no tax) campaign of 1922 was spearheaded by Vallabhbhai Patel in Gujarat.

Explanation

The idea of a constituent assembly to draft India's constitution was first proposed by the Swaraj Party in 1934. The Swaraj Party was established in 1923 by CR Das.

Explanation

The concept of the drain theory was introduced by Dadabhai Naoroji in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the leader who did not support the drain theory proposed by Dadabhai Naoroji.

Explanation

The law known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crime Act (1919) was commonly referred to as the Rowlatt Act. Mahatma Gandhi criticized it as a harsh measure.

Explanation

The series of meetings between Indian and British political leaders in London during 1930-32 are commonly known as the First, Second, and Third Round Table Conferences. However, it is inaccurate to label them as such because they were actually three sessions of the same conference, not three separate conferences. The Indian National Congress did not participate in two of these sessions, and the other Indian parties present at the conferences represented specific sectional interests rather than the entire nation. Additionally, the British Labour Party had withdrawn from the conference, leading to a biased and partisan atmosphere.

Explanation

The prominent leader of the Congress Socialist Party was Acharya Narendra Dev, who alongside JP Narayan, Basawon Singh, and Yogendra Shukla, formed the CSP in 1934.

Explanation

Four prominent figures from the Indian National Movement are matched with their corresponding literary works. Surendra Nath Banerjee is linked to "A Nation in Making," M.K. Gandhi to "Hind Swaraj," Subhash Chandra Bose to "The Indian Struggle," and Lajpat Roy to "Autobiographical Writings." The correct matching is Surendra Nath Banerjee with "A Nation in Making," M.K. Gandhi with "Hind Swaraj," Subhash Chandra Bose with "The Indian Struggle," and Lajpat Roy with "Autobiographical Writings."

Explanation

Jawaharlal Nehru did not hold the position of Congress Party president in 1947, did not preside over the Constituent Assembly, and did not form the first Congress ministry in United Province before India gained independence.

Explanation

The Cabinet Mission Plan did not support the idea of accepting Pakistan because the proposed Pakistan would have included significant non-Muslim populations, with 38% in the North-West and 48% in the North-East.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, match the following groups with their corresponding leaders: A. Abhinav Bharat Society - V.D. Savarkar, B. Anushilan Samiti - Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, C. Gadar Party - Lala Hardayal, D. Swaraj Party - C.R. Das. The correct matching is A-4; B-1; C-2; D-3. Abhinav Bharat was established in 1904, Anushilan Samiti in 1906, Gadar Party in 1913, and Swaraj Party also in 1906.

Explanation

In 1883, the National Conference held its first session in Calcutta. The Muslim League was established in Dacca in 1906. The All India States Peoples Conference was formed in 1927. The Communal Award from Whitehall was declared in 1932. The correct matching of events with their respective periods is option (c): A-4; B-3; C-2; D-1.

Explanation

The Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Movement were initiated in 1920. Although stemming from different concerns, they both embraced a joint strategy of non-violence and non-cooperation. This period saw a growing unity between Hindus and Muslims in opposition to British rule.

Explanation

Mahatma Gandhi recommended the dissolution of the Indian National Congress after India gained independence because the main goal of the organization, which was to strive for Indian freedom, had been achieved.

Explanation

The individual mentioned in the passage was primarily known for his efforts in social and religious reform. He advocated for the use of laws to address societal issues and was dedicated to ending practices such as child marriage and the purdah system. In order to promote the discussion of national social issues, he founded the Indian National Social Conference, which held its annual meetings alongside the Indian National Congress for many years. The correct reference in this passage is to Mahadev Govind Ranade.

Explanation

A group within the Congress Party, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, established the Independence for India League. This league was formed in opposition to the Nehru Report, advocating for full independence and social reform in India. Subhash Chandra Bose and S. Srinivasa Iyengar also played key roles in the establishment of this league.

Explanation

The correct answer is option (c) Vanguard. This publication was an emigre communist journal associated with M.N. Roy.

Explanation

The correct sequence of events in the Indian National Movement is as follows: 1. The Partition of Bengal in 1905 2. The Lucknow Pact in 1916 3. The Rowlatt Act in February 1919 4. The Introduction of Dyarchy under Montford Reforms in December 1919 The correct order is option (b): 4, 1, 3, 2.

Explanation

In 1908, the Barrah dacoity marked the initial significant act of revolutionary terrorists in the Indian freedom movement in East Bengal. The operation was carried out by Dacca Anushilan under the leadership of Pulin Das.

Explanation

In the Indian National Movement, the pair that is not correctly matched is Bal Gangadhar Tilak with Satya Shodhak Sabha. The other pairs are correctly matched. Jyotirao Phule founded the Satya Sodhak Samaj in 1873.

Explanation

In the 1946 interim government, the Vice-President of the Executive Council was Jawaharlal Nehru. Additionally, C. Rajagopalachari was in charge of the Department of Education, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad oversaw the Department of Food & Agriculture within the Executive Council.