Medieval India Delhi Sultanate

Explanation

Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty led a successful military campaign against the kingdom of Srivijaya. Srivijaya was a powerful maritime state that ruled over regions such as the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and neighboring islands. This military campaign expanded the Chola influence in Southeast Asia during the 11th century.

Explanation

The Hoysala, Gahadavala, Kakatiya, and Yadava dynasties did not establish their kingdoms in the early eighth century AD. These dynasties emerged later in Indian history and were not active during that specific time period.

Explanation

Devaraya I, a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire, is credited with constructing a large dam across the Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct several kilometers long from the river to the capital city. This initiative helped in irrigation and water management, showcasing the engineering and administrative skills of the Vijayanagara rulers during the medieval period in India.

Explanation

During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi and besieged the city. This event is historically significant as it marked the only instance of a Mongol assault reaching Delhi during the Delhi Sultanate period.

Explanation

Sayyids were known as 'Kulah-Daran' during the Delhi Sultanate period in medieval India. The term 'Kulah-Daran' refers to those who wear a distinctive cap, and the Sayyids were recognized by this headgear, which symbolized their lineage tracing back to Prophet Muhammad.

Explanation

In the administrative hierarchy of the Mughal Empire, the correct sequence in ascending order in terms of size is Paragana-Sarkar-Suba. A Paragana was a group of villages, a Sarkar was a larger administrative division comprising several Paraganas, and a Suba was the largest province or region under the Mughal Empire.

Explanation

The Nizamat of Arcot emerged out of Hyderabad State due to the decline of the Mughal Empire, leading to the establishment of semi-autonomous states. The Mysore Kingdom emerged out of the Vijayanagara Empire after its decline, with the Wodeyar dynasty establishing control over the region.

Explanation

During the period between the decline of the Guptas and the rise of Harshavardhana, the kingdoms holding power in Northern India included the Guptas of Magadha, the Pushyabhutis of Thanesar, the Maukharis of Kanauj, and the Maitrakas of Valabhi. These kingdoms played significant roles in the political landscape of Northern India during this transitional period.

Explanation

During the reign of Iltutmish in the Delhi Sultanate, Chengiz Khan reached the Indus River while pursuing the fugitive Khwarezm prince. This event marked an important historical interaction between the Mongols and the Delhi Sultanate.

Explanation

In Indian history, the events of the rise of the Pratiharas under King Bhoja, the establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I, the establishment of Chola Parantaka-I, and the founding of the Pala dynasty by Gopala occurred in a specific order. This order is as follows: Mahendravarman-I (590-630 CE), Gopala (750 CE), King Bhoja-Pratihara (836-885 CE), Prantaka-1 Chola (907-953 CE). The correct chronological order of these events, starting from the earliest time, is 2-4-1-3, which means the establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I, followed by the founding of the Pala dynasty by Gopala, then the rise of the Pratiharas under King Bhoja, and finally the establishment of Chola Parantaka-I.

Explanation

During the Delhi Sultanate, the official responsible for revenue collection was called the 'Amil'. The Iqta system introduced by the Sultans of Delhi did not originate from ancient Indian traditions. The position of 'Mir Bakshi' was established under the Khalji Sultans' rule. Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, making option (a) the correct choice.

Explanation

During the 13th century, Saint Nimbarka preached Vaishnavite Bhakti, making it unlikely for him to be a contemporary of Akbar in the 15th century. Similarly, Kabir Das lived from 1398 or 1440 to 1518, which means he passed away long before Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi was born. Hence, neither of the statements is correct.

Explanation

Banjaras in medieval India were known for their role as goods transporters, moving items such as salt, grains, firewood, and cattle from one location to another. This activity classified them as trader-nomads within the society.

Explanation

During Krishna Deva's rule in Vijayanagar, the taxation system was based on fixed rates for land based on its quality. Additionally, owners of private workshops had to pay an industries tax. Both of these statements are correct, making option (c) - Both 1 and 2 - the correct answer. In Krishna Deva's time, land revenue was the primary income source for the government, with land classified into four parts for accurate assessment. The government also imposed taxes on industries, particularly on the production of various goods.

Explanation

In the medieval period, certain Indian states like Champaka, Durgara, and Kuluta were associated with specific regions. The accurate pairings are Durgara with Jammu and Kuluta with Malabar. Champaka, on the other hand, is not correctly matched with Central India. Therefore, the correct answer is option (b) which is '2 only'. These states, including Champaka, Durgara, and Kuluta, were able to avoid significant conflicts in the northern plains during that time.

Explanation

The founder of a new city on the south bank of a tributary to the river Krishna, who ruled his kingdom as the representative of a deity believed to own all land south of the river Krishna, was Harihara I. In the fourteenth century, Harihara I, along with Bukka, established the Vijayanagara Empire in 1336.

Explanation

In Indian history, the feudal system was characterized by certain essential elements. These included the emergence of an administrative structure that revolved around land ownership and control, as well as the establishment of a lord-vassal relationship where a vassal pledged allegiance and provided services to a lord. The feudal system did not feature a strong centralized political authority but rather a decentralized one. The correct elements of the feudal system in Indian history are the emergence of an administrative structure based on land control and the creation of a lord-vassal relationship, which are represented by option (b) 2 and 3 only.

Explanation

During the medieval period in India, the titles 'Mahattara' and 'Pattakila' were used to refer to village headmen.

Explanation

During the fall of the Lodi dynasty and the rise of Babur in 1526, Guru Nanak was actively spreading the teachings of Sikhism as he traveled across various regions of India. Born in 1469, Guru Nanak's preaching coincided with this period of political change. This aligns with the correct answer choice of (b) 2 only, as he was one of the Bhakti Saints preaching during this transition.

Explanation

In medieval India, the Sufi mystics were known to engage in practices such as meditation and breath control, severe ascetic exercises in isolation, and recitation of holy songs to evoke ecstasy in their audience. The correct answer is option (d) as all three practices were pursued by the Sufi mystics.

Explanation

Buddhism started declining in India during the early medieval period for multiple reasons. Firstly, Buddha was gradually assimilated into Vaishnavism as one of the incarnations of Vishnu. Secondly, invading tribes from Central Asia, up to the time of the last Gupta king, adopted Hinduism and actively persecuted Buddhists. Lastly, the kings of the Gupta dynasty were not supportive of Buddhism, although they did not directly oppose it. Therefore, the correct statements from the given options are that only statement 1 is correct.

Explanation

In the medieval period, Raja Wodeyar established the kingdom of Mysore. During this time, the ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire was Venkata II. Indigenous leaders from Karnataka emerged as the founders of a new dynasty, with Vijaya taking the throne in 1399 A.D. under the name Yaduraja.

Explanation

In the medieval period, Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced a new gold coin known as the Dinar, according to Ibn Batutah. The reason behind this was to facilitate trade with countries in West Asia and North Africa. The assertion is true, but the reason is false as Muhammad bin Tughlaq actually issued bronze coins as token currency, leading to a significant failure. The correct option is (c), where A is true but R is false.

Explanation

During the medieval period, the Afghan rulers who ascended the throne of Delhi followed a specific chronological order. Bahlol Khan Lodi ruled from 1451 to 1489, followed by Sikandar Shah from 1489 to 1517, and finally Ibrahim Lodi from 1517 to 1526. The correct chronological order of these Afghan rulers is Bahlol Khan Lodi, Sikandar Shah, and Ibrahim Lodi, which is represented by option (c) in the given question.

Explanation

In the medieval period, Narasimha Saluva brought an end to the Sangama dynasty and established the Saluva dynasty by claiming the throne for himself. Following this, Vira Narasimha overthrew the last Saluva ruler to become the new monarch. Vira Narasimha was then followed by his younger brother, Krishnadeva Raya, as the ruler. After Krishnadeva Raya, his half-brother Achyuta Raya succeeded him to the throne.

Explanation

The Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate was founded by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in 1320 AD. The last ruler of this dynasty was Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, who ruled from 1395 to 1412 AD.

Explanation

In the era of medieval history, it is important to note the significant roles played by the Sikh Gurus. One must consider the following statements about Sikh Gurus: 1. Banda Bahadur was appointed as the military leader of the Sikhs by Guru Tegh Bahadur. 2. Guru Arjun Dev succeeded Guru Ram Das as the Sikh Guru. 3. Guru Arjun Dev introduced the script Guru Mukhi to the Sikhs. The correct statements among these are 2 and 3, as Banda Bahadur was actually appointed by Guru Gobind Singh, not Guru Tegh Bahadur.

Explanation

In the early medieval era, the Cholas gained control over peninsular India by defeating the Pandya and Chera rulers. They also expanded their influence by conquering parts of the Sailendra empire in South-East Asia. The Chola kingdom during the Sangam period stretched from present-day Tiruchi district to southern Andhra Pradesh, with their capital initially at Uraiyur and later moved to Puhar. The Chola emperor's naval expedition against the Sailendra kingdom was victorious.

Explanation

During the medieval period, Saluva Narasimha took over the old dynasty and declared himself as the ruler. This was to prevent the kingdom from further decline and falling apart. The correct option is that assertion A is true, but the reason R is false. The original statement claiming that he assumed the title out of greed for power is not accurate.

Explanation

During the medieval period, Alam Khan was among those who invited Babur to invade India. He was an uncle of Ibrahim Lodi and also claimed the throne of Delhi. In the crucial battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur emerged victorious over Ibrahim Lodi.

Explanation

The Battle of Dharmat took place in 1658 between Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh, both vying for the throne of Shahjahan. Aurangzeb emerged victorious in this conflict, defeating Dara Shikoh.

Explanation

Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak met his end in 1210 after falling from his horse during a game of Chaugan (polo). Following his demise, Aram Shah took over. Qutb-ud-din Aibak established the initial autonomous Turkish realm in Northern India in 1206.

Explanation

Ramananda (1360-1470) was the pioneer Bhakti saint who utilized Hindi as the medium to spread his teachings.

Explanation

In medieval India, Firoz Tughlaq established a distinct department for slaves called 'Diwan-i-Bandagan'. Firoz Tughlaq succeeded his cousin, not uncle, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. Alauddin Khalji implemented the practice of branding horses in his military. The correct statement among the options provided is that Firoz Tughlaq set up a separate department for slaves.

Explanation

During a period of severe famine, Muhammad bin Tughlaq attempted to make changes to the agricultural system, following in the footsteps of Allauddin Khalji. To aid those suffering from the famine, the sultan temporarily relocated from Delhi to a camp known as Swarga-Dwari near Kanauj.

Explanation

Historian Barani did not consider the state under the Delhi Sultans in India truly Islamic because the Sultan supplemented Muslim law with his own regulations. This was evident from Barani's works, Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi and Fatwa-i-Jahandari, composed during the reigns of Muhammad Tughlaq and Firoz Tughlaq, whom he had the support of.

Explanation

In the history of Sufism in India, the accuracy of certain statements is being evaluated. Sheikh Ahmad Sarhandi of the Naqshbandi order lived during the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir. The Qadiri order of Sufis was initially brought to India by Sheikh Nizamatullah (passed away in 1430 AD) and Makhdum (or Nasiruddin) Muhammad Jilani (died in 1517).

Explanation

During the rule of Iltutmish from 1211 to 1236, the Mongols led by Chengiz Khan attempted to invade India. However, they did not penetrate far into Indian territory as Iltutmish declined to provide refuge to Khwarizm Shah, the Persian king being pursued by Chengiz Khan.

Explanation

The correct match is option (a) Dewan-i-Bandagani with Tughlaq. Dewan-i-Bandagani was established by Firoz Tughlaq. Dewan-i-Mustakhraj was associated with Alauddin Khalji. Dewan-i-Kohi was linked with Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. Dewan-i-Arz was connected with Balban.

Explanation

In the Battle of Khanua in 1527, Babar defeated Rana Sanga, while in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. Since Rana Sanga had previously defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, it can be concluded that the Battle of Khanua was more decisive and significant than the First Battle of Panipat.

Explanation

In the Mahalwari system, revenue settlements were conducted at the village or estate level with the landlords. The Ryotwari system involved a direct settlement between the government and the cultivator. In the Zamindari system, land was allocated to rent collectors known as revenue farmers.

Explanation

During the medieval period, several significant events occurred in India. The reign of Krishna Deva of Vijayanagara took place from 1509 to 1530. The construction of the Qutab Minar happened between 1206 and 1210. The arrival of the Portuguese in India took place in 1498. Lastly, the death of Firoz Tughlaq occurred in 1388. The correct chronological sequence of these events is 2 (Construction of Qutab Minar), 4 (Death of Firoz Tughlaq), 3 (Arrival of Portuguese in India), and 1 (Reign of Krishna Deva of Vijaynagara).

Explanation

In the medieval period, different dynasties granted land in the form of Iqta, Jagir, Amaram, and Mokasa. Match these land grants with the respective rulers: Iqta with Delhi Sultans, Jagir with Mughals, Amaram with Vijayanagara, and Mokasa with Marathas. The correct match is option (b).

Explanation

Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1556–1627) of the Adil Shahi dynasty was the ruler of the Bijapur Sultanate. He was known for his belief in secularism, which led his Muslim subjects to hail him as the 'Jagadguru'.

Explanation

The map provided corresponds to Bahlol Lodi, and the town marked A on the map represents Jaunpur. Bahlol Lodi achieved victory over Hussain Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur in the year 1479.

Explanation

In the history of southern India, the growth of small regional kingdoms was a common occurrence due to the lack of vast areas of fertile land. This led to the formation of numerous smaller kingdoms instead of large empires.

Explanation

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq passed away in the year 1351 CE, and his cousin Firoz Tughlaq took over the throne after him.

Explanation

In the Sultanate period, the term "Fawazil" referred to the surplus amount paid by the Iqtadars to the exchequer. It represented the extra revenue collected beyond their assigned salary. The concept of Fawazil helped maintain a balance between the income and expenditure of the Iqta-holders during that time.

Explanation

Firoz Shah Tughlaq is known for constructing and restoring a significant number of canals during his reign in Delhi.

Explanation

In the initial stages, the Turkish rule in India was primarily focused on military operations. This was evident as the country was divided into 'Iqtas' and assigned to prominent military leaders for maintaining troops. The 'Iqtas' were withdrawn if the recipients were unable to support the army.

Explanation

In the medieval era, Ahadis were troopers who served individually and were not affiliated with any particular leader. They directly reported to the emperor as their immediate superior and were often associated with Mirzas. The correct statements about Ahadis are that they offered their services singly, did not attach themselves to any chief, and had the emperor as their immediate colonel. These troopers were known for their efficiency and loyalty, and they received generous salaries.

Explanation

The correct chronological order of construction for the following historical sites is: Qutab Minar, Tughlaqabad fort, Lodi Garden, Fatehpur Sikri. The Tughlaqabad Fort in Delhi was built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq in 1321. Qutab Minar was constructed between 1206 and 1236. Lodi Garden dates back to the period between 1451 and 1526. Finally, Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal Emperor Akbar, starting in 1570.

Explanation

Influenced by the Persian court model, Balban adopted the prestigious title of Zil-i-Ilahi, which means the Shadow of God, after establishing his authority.

Explanation

The Chishti order is a Sufi group that originated in the town of Chisht near Herat, Afghanistan in around 930 CE. It was established by Abu Ishaq Shami, also known as 'the Syrian'. The well-known figure associated with the Chishti order is Moinuddin Chishti, also called Gharib Nawaz or 'Benefactor of the Poor', who resided in Ajmer, India.

Explanation

Abul Fazl is the medieval Indian writer who mentions the discovery of America.

Explanation

In the medieval period, which of the following pairs is correctly matched? (a) Guru Amar Das–Miri and Piri (b) Guru Arjun Dev–Adi Granth (c) Guru Ram Das–Dal Khalsa (d) Guru Gobind Singh– Manji The correct matching pair is (b) Guru Arjun Dev–Adi Granth.

Explanation

In medieval India, the famous jurists were Vijnanesvara, Hemadri, and Jimutavahana. Rajasekhara was a renowned Sanskrit poet and dramatist during this period. The correct answer to the question is option (c) 1, 2, and 4.

Explanation

During his military campaigns, Malik Kafur, also known as Hazar Dinari, was sent by Alauddin Khalji on a southern expedition, where he traveled as far as Kanyakumari. This route on the map was followed by Malik Kafur during his military exploits.