Space Technology

Explanation

All three space missions - Axiom-4, SpaDeX, and Gaganyaan - encourage and support microgravity research. Microgravity research is essential for studying various phenomena that are not observable under normal gravity conditions, aiding scientific advancements in fields like biology, materials science, and fluid dynamics in space.

Explanation

GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) is designed to enhance accuracy and integrity by utilizing a network of ground stations. Additionally, it aims to improve air traffic management by providing more consistent and high-quality services. While GAGAN primarily benefits aviation, its advancements can also have positive implications for other modes of transportation.

Explanation

Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) are not miniature fission reactors; they generate power through the natural radioactive decay of isotopes like Plutonium-238. RTGs are indeed used to power the onboard systems of spacecraft due to their reliability in providing long-lasting energy. Plutonium-238, a by-product of weapons development, is commonly used in RTGs for space missions due to its high energy density and long half-life.

Explanation

Radars are primarily used for monitoring precipitation by detecting the movement and intensity of rain or snowfall. They are not typically used for identifying narcotics on passengers at airports or in aircraft, nor for tracking the migration of animals.

Explanation

Cepheids are actually variable stars that brighten and dim periodically, helping astronomers measure distances in space. Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas where stars are born, not stars themselves. Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars, not formed from collapsing massive stars.

Explanation

Japan has its own Satellite Navigation System known as the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). QZSS is designed to provide accurate positioning information in the Asia-Oceania region, complementing the existing Global Positioning System (GPS). This system enhances the positioning accuracy and reliability for various applications such as transportation, disaster management, and personal devices.

Explanation

The Fractional Orbital Bombardment System involves putting a missile into a stable orbit around the Earth and then deorbiting it over a specific target on Earth. This system allows for precision strikes on ground targets from space, enhancing strategic capabilities.

Explanation

During a major solar storm, the Earth may experience various effects such as disruption of GPS and navigation systems due to interference with satellite signals, damage to power grids from geomagnetically induced currents, occurrence of intense auroras due to increased solar activity affecting the Earth's magnetic field, disturbance in satellite orbits due to increased atmospheric drag, and interruption in shortwave radio communication over polar regions due to ionospheric disturbances. Tsunamis and widespread forest fires are not direct effects of solar storms.

Explanation

A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, which is approximately 9.46 trillion kilometers. Since the speed of light is constant in a vacuum, using light-years as a unit of measurement for astronomical distances helps in providing a more accurate and standardized way to comprehend the vast distances in space.

Explanation

In the experiment, three spacecraft will fly in an equilateral triangle formation with sides measuring one million kilometers, using lasers to communicate between them. The correct answer is option (d) Evolved LISA. This is supported by information from a 2016 article in The Hindu, making it the most suitable choice.

Explanation

The LIGO and VIRGO detectors captured gravitational waves originating from the merging of black holes, which occurred billions of light-years away from Earth.

Explanation

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) consists of seven satellites in total, with four in geosynchronous orbit and three in geostationary orbit. Therefore, the first statement is correct. IRNSS covers an area extending approximately 1,500 km beyond the borders of India, not 5500 sq. km as stated in the second statement. As a result, options B and C can be eliminated. Consequently, the correct answer is option (a) 1 only.

Explanation

India's space agency, ISRO, has developed the PSLV for launching satellites into polar orbits and the GSLV for launching geosynchronous satellites into geostationary orbits. Geostationary satellites orbit the Earth in 24 hours, appearing fixed from any point on Earth due to the Earth's rotation. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect. The GSLV is a three-stage launch vehicle, with the first two stages similar to the PSLV in using both solid and liquid fuel, while the third stage is a cryogenic stage. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect. By process of elimination, the correct statement is 1 only, leading to the answer (a).

Explanation

GPS technology can be utilized in various areas such as mobile phone operations, banking operations, and controlling power grids. The EASE framework for Public sector Banks in 2018 included the development of a mobile app to locate the nearest ATMs using GPS. Additionally, in 2016, PNB bank introduced android mobile apps that allowed customers to locate the nearest PNB ATM through GPS. Moreover, the Department of Telecom mandated the inclusion of a 'panic button' and GPS facility in mobile phones sold in India to enhance the safety of women and enable quick responses in times of distress. Therefore, the correct answer is option (d) 1, 2, and 3.

Explanation

Scientists recently witnessed the coming together of massive black holes located billions of light-years away from our planet. This observation holds great importance as it led to the detection of gravitational waves, a key scientific breakthrough.

Explanation

The purpose of the 'evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)' project is to measure gravitational waves within the frequency range of 0.1mHz to approximately 100 mHz.

Explanation

Astrosat is an Indian astronomical observatory launched into space. It is important to note that other than the USA and Russia, India is not the only country to have sent a similar observatory into space. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite that orbits at a distance of 1650 km above Earth's surface. The correct answer to the question is neither 1 nor 2.

Explanation

The Mangalyaan, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission, was launched by ISRO and marked India's first interplanetary mission. This achievement made India the fourth space agency to reach Mars, following the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. India became the first Asian nation to have a spacecraft orbit Mars, and the only country to achieve this feat on its initial attempt. The correct statements are 1 and 3. While Russia and the European Space Agency also have missions to Mars, the statement that India is the second country after the USA to have a spacecraft orbit Mars is incorrect. Therefore, the correct option is (c).

Explanation

The technology known as "Project Loon" has been making headlines recently. It involves a network of balloons that travel on the edge of space with the purpose of expanding internet access to individuals in rural and isolated regions globally. Google Inc. is behind this initiative, using helium balloons to provide internet connectivity. Therefore, the correct option is (b) wireless communication technology.

Explanation

The 'Greased Lightning-10' (GL-10) is a 28 kg aircraft with 10 engines that can perform vertical take-offs and landings like a helicopter, while also flying efficiently like a traditional aircraft. It is a prototype drone plane powered by batteries and designed by NASA.

Explanation

IceCube, a particle detector located at the South Pole, has recently made headlines in modern scientific research. It is known as the world's largest neutrino detector, covering a volume of one cubic kilometre of ice. Additionally, it serves as a powerful telescope for the exploration of dark matter. The detector is situated deep within the ice. All three statements regarding IceCube are accurate.

Explanation

IceCube is a massive particle detector situated in the ice at the South Pole. It is recognized as the largest neutrino detector globally and serves as an influential instrument in the exploration for dark matter.

Explanation

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites are employed in a variety of activities. These include assessing crop productivity, locating groundwater resources, exploring minerals, facilitating telecommunications, and conducting traffic studies.

Explanation

In modern scientific research, the 'Ice Cube' particle detector at the South Pole has gained attention. It is known as the world's largest neutrino detector, covering a cubic kilometer of ice. Additionally, it serves as a potent telescope for the exploration of dark matter and is situated deep within the ice. All three statements about 'Ice Cube' are correct.

Explanation

The pair correctly matched is (b) 2 and 3 only. Cassini-Huygens does not orbit Venus, but is sent to Saturn. This rules out options (a), (c), and (d). The Messenger spacecraft is tasked with exploring Mercury, and Voyager 1 and 2 were launched to study the outer Solar System.

Explanation

In the realm of telecommunication, satellites designated for relay are placed in a geostationary orbit. A satellite is considered to be in geostationary orbit if it meets the following criteria: 1) It is geosynchronous. 2) Its orbit is circular. 3) Its orbit aligns with the earth's equator. 4) It is situated at an altitude of 22,236 miles. The correct option encompassing all these conditions is (d). Original: A geostationary orbit (or Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO) is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude), with a period equal to the Earth's rotational period and an orbital eccentricity of approximately zero. Rewritten: A geostationary orbit, also known as Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), is a type of geosynchronous orbit positioned directly above the Earth's equator at 0° latitude. It has a period that matches the Earth's rotational period and exhibits minimal orbital eccentricity.

Explanation

"Bhuvan" is a geoportal created by ISRO that provides users with the ability to view a 2D/3D representation of the Earth's surface. It was introduced in a beta version on August 12, 2009, offering high-resolution imagery of various locations in India. Bhuvan stands out for its detailed visual capabilities compared to other similar software, with resolutions that can go up to 1 metre.

Explanation

The satellite Oceansat-2, launched by India, assists in estimating water vapor content in the atmosphere, predicting the onset of monsoons, and monitoring coastal water pollution. The correct statements are 1, 2, and 3. Oceansat-2 builds upon the work of Oceansat-1, focusing on studying surface winds, ocean surface layers, chlorophyll levels, phytoplankton blooms, atmospheric aerosols, and suspended sediments in water.

Explanation

Before India, Japan was the country among the options that had successfully landed probes on the Moon.

Explanation

In the year 2008, a complex scientific experiment was carried out by the European Organization for Nuclear Research, where sub-atomic particles were accelerated to almost the speed of light.

Explanation

The lunar orbiter mission called Selene-1 was launched by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on September 14, 2007, from the Tanegashima Space Center. This mission by Japan aims to study the Moon's origin and evolution and explore ways to utilize it in the future.

Explanation

The successful rocket test with cryogenic engines by ISRO in 2007 took place at the test stand situated in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu.

Explanation

Cassini, the correct option (b), is an unmanned spacecraft that was launched to explore the planet Saturn.

Explanation

The US Space Agency's Themis Mission involves five identical probes with the goal of studying the vibrant displays seen in the high-latitude skies. Scientists are focused on determining the cause of sudden increases in brightness in these lights. This mission was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral in Florida.

Explanation

The Dhruv is an advanced light helicopter developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). It is a versatile helicopter weighing 5.5 tons, designed for various military and civilian operations, including utility and attack missions. It is used by the army, air force, navy, coastguard, and for both day and night operations.

Explanation

The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project will be constructed in Southern France. ITER is a global nuclear fusion research initiative creating the largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor near the Cadarache facility in that region.

Explanation

In October 2006, India made a significant achievement by successfully testing a full-fledged cryogenic stage for rockets. This technology is utilized by countries such as the United States, Russia, Japan, China, and France. India is now the fourth country, after the USA, Russia, and China, to possess the capability to use cryogenic stages in rocketry.

Explanation

In this question, you are asked to match four individuals with their corresponding titles or achievements. John C. Mather is known for winning the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006. Michael Griffin served as the Administrator of NASA. Paul G. Allen was one of the co-founders of Microsoft. Piers Sellers is recognized as a Space Walker. The correct matching of these individuals with their titles or achievements is as follows: John C. Mather - Nobel Prize Winner-2006 (Physics), Michael Griffin - NASA Administrator, Paul G. Allen - Microsoft Co-founder, and Piers Sellers - Space Walker.

Explanation

NASA's Deep Impact mission was initiated to capture detailed images of the nucleus of which comet? The options were (a) Halley's Comet, (b) Hale-Bopp, (c) Hyakutake, and (d) Tempel 1. The correct answer is (d). The Deep Impact space probe was launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on January 12, 2005. Its primary objective was to analyze the internal structure of the comet Tempel 1.

Explanation

The pair that is not correctly matched is option (d) Atlantis: Space station. This is because Atlantis was a Space Shuttle orbiter used by NASA.

Explanation

The Galileo Project is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) being developed by the European Union (EU) and the European Space Agency (ESA).

Explanation

India's advanced satellite INSAT-4A was launched in December 2005 from French Guiana. The European Commercial Launch Service Provider Arianespace was involved in the launch of INSAT-4A. Tata-Sky, a digital cable service provider, is linked to DTH television broadcasting service from INSAT-4A. The correct statements are that the satellite was launched in December 2005 and that Tata-Sky is associated with DTH television broadcasting service, making option (c) - 2 and 3 only - the correct answer.

Explanation

India's communication satellite INSAT-3E was launched in 2003 from the location of French Guiana.

Explanation

In September 2002, India launched its first full-fledged meteorological satellite called METSAT. This satellite, developed by ISRO, was designed to gather data on atmospheric cloud cover, water vapor, and temperature simultaneously. Additionally, the space vehicle PSLV C-4 made history by carrying a payload of 1060 kg into a geosynchronous orbit for the first time.

Explanation

In 2001, NASA sent a spacecraft to Mars called Mars Odyssey. It was launched on April 7th and had an estimated cost of 297 million US dollars.

Explanation

In the context of Indian satellites and their launch vehicles, the following statements are presented for consideration: 1. The entire INSAT satellite series was launched from foreign countries. 2. PSLVs were utilized for launching the IRS satellite series. 3. India employed domestically manufactured cryogenic engines for the first time to power the third stage of GSLV. 4. GSAT, launched in 2001, carries payloads for showcasing digital broadcasts and internet services. The correct statements among these are all of them, as indicated by option (a).

Explanation

Artificial satellites are typically launched from Earth in the eastward direction because the Earth rotates from west to east. This rotation provides an initial boost to the satellite, helping it attain the necessary escape velocity. This benefit is most significant for satellites in geostationary orbit or those orbiting parallel to the equator.

Explanation

The map provided shows the locations of four space organization units: 1, 2, 3, and 4. Match these units with the corresponding organizations: A. I.S.R.O B. I.I.R.S. C. N.R.S.A D. S.A.C. The correct match is A-4; B-1; C-3; D-2. ISRO is located in Bangalore (marked as '4'), IIRS is in Dehradun (marked as '1'), NRSA is in Hyderabad (marked as '3'), and SAC is in Ahmedabad (marked as '2').

Explanation

During the launch of INSAT-3B, the Chairman of ISRO was K. Kasturirangan.

Explanation

The "Chandra" X-ray telescope is named in honor of the renowned Indian physicist Subramanyam Chandrasekhar.

Explanation

In this question, you were asked to match the Indian scientists with their areas of expertise. Dr. Raja Ramanna specialized in nuclear physics, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in agricultural science, Prof. U.R Rao in space research, and Prof. Meghnad Saha in thermodynamics & astrophysics. The correct matching is A-2; B-5; C-4; D-3, where Dr. Raja Ramanna is matched with nuclear physics, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan with agricultural science, Prof. U.R Rao with space research, and Prof. Meghnad Saha with thermodynamics & astrophysics.

Explanation

The Spektr Module of the Russian Space Station Mir was damaged because it collided with a Soyuz cargo ship.

Explanation

IRS-P3, a satellite launched by ISRO in 1996, was an experimental mission for observing the Earth. Its main goals were to analyze and interpret data collected by its two instruments - the Wide Field sensor and the Modular Optoelectric Sensor, which were created in collaboration with the German Aerospace Center.

Explanation

When a person is in a spaceship halfway between the Earth and the sun, they will observe that the sky appears completely black, stars do not twinkle, and the temperature outside the spaceship is significantly higher than on Earth's surface. This is because the absence of Earth's atmosphere reduces the scattering of light, resulting in a darker sky and non-twinkling stars. Additionally, the proximity to the sun leads to higher external temperatures compared to those on Earth.

Explanation

In 1994, India showcased its ability to launch geo-stationary satellites with the successful launch of SROS-2 on May 4 and IR.S.P-2 on October 15. This demonstrated India's proficiency in launching satellites that orbit the Earth at a fixed position.

Explanation

Cryogenic engines are used in rocket technology. These engines utilize fuels or oxidizers that are in a liquefied state at extremely low temperatures.