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UPSC 32 Years (1995-2026)
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Context: The government has amended the Payment and Settlement Systems Act through the Taxation and Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026, enabling it to notify charges on UPI transactions that were earlier exempt. While no official charge has been announced, sources suggest it may initially apply only to large merchants for transactions above a threshold value.
Context: A joint government-industry study has found that E20 fuel, a 20% ethanol-blended petrol, does not require engine modifications for most cars and two-wheelers, though some older BS-III vehicles may need part replacements over time. The rollout is part of India's ethanol blending programme aimed at reducing crude oil imports and cutting emissions, though critics question why E20 is not priced cheaper than pure petrol.
Context: India's Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD) rose to 0.83% of GDP in 2021-22, crossing the 0.8% mark for the first time since 2009-10. Private industry has overtaken the government as the largest contributor to national R&D spending, accounting for 51.8% of the total by 2023-24.
Context: The Supreme Court has agreed to examine whether the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 can be used to dilute the Right to Information Act, 2005 by classifying all data as "personal". The Court flagged the need to harmonise the two central laws, especially Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act, which amended RTI provisions to allow blanket refusal of personal information.
Context: A Bengaluru start-up sent the world's first lab-grown diamond jewel, the Cosmos Bloom Diamond, to space aboard Vikram-1, India's first privately built orbital launch vehicle. The 16.9-carat lotus-shaped jewel, created by Cosmos Diamonds in collaboration with Skyroot Aerospace, showcases the growing role of India's private space and start-up ecosystem.
Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued new security guidelines banning solar, wind and hybrid renewable energy projects within 1 km of the international border and mandating security clearance for such projects up to 50 km away. The guidelines also restrict hiring of personnel from Pakistan, Bangladesh and China and bar transfer of project land to foreign entities without government approval.
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