Dance & Music
Definition/Introduction
Dance and music are integral components of Indian culture, showcasing the diversity and richness of its heritage. They serve not only as entertainment but also as a means of expressing spiritual and social values.
Constitutional Provisions
Article 51A(h): It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.Historical Evolution
Indian classical dance has roots that go back thousands of years, as seen in ancient texts like the Natya Shastra by Bharata Muni, which codified the principles of dance and drama.
Classification/Types
### Classical Dance Forms
1. **Bharatanatyam**: Originating from Tamil Nadu, it combines expression (abhinaya), music, and rhythm.
2. **Kathak**: A North Indian dance form characterized by intricate footwork and spins.
3. **Odissi**: From Odisha, known for its graceful movements and sculpturesque poses.
4. **Kathakali**: A dance-drama from Kerala, known for its elaborate costumes and makeup.
5. **Manipuri**: A dance from Manipur, often depicting themes of love and devotion.
6. **Mohiniyattam**: A female dance form from Kerala, emphasizing grace and beauty.
### Folk Dance Forms
**Bhangra**: A lively folk dance from Punjab, associated with harvest festivals.**Garba**: A dance form from Gujarat performed during Navratri.**Dandiya**: A traditional dance with sticks, also from Gujarat, performed during festivities.Important Provisions/Features
Dance and music are often intertwined with spirituality in Indian culture.They play a significant role in festivals and cultural celebrations.Both forms have undergone transformations while retaining their traditional essence.Landmark Judgments
**K. K. B. v. Union of India (2015)**: The Supreme Court upheld the importance of cultural heritage, including classical arts.Amendments
**44th Amendment (1978)**: Emphasized the importance of cultural heritage as a fundamental duty of citizens.Comparison Tables
| Feature | Classical Dance | Folk Dance |
|----------------------|---------------------------|----------------------------|
| Origin | Historical texts | Regional traditions |
| Purpose | Spiritual and artistic | Celebratory and communal |
| Training | Formal institutions | Community-based |
UPSC Exam Focus
Types of dance forms and their origins.The significance of music in Indian culture.Relationships between dance forms and specific regions.Recent Developments
### Lok Sabha's Digital Attendance System Launch
This initiative, while primarily about governance, reflects how modern technology can enhance accountability in cultural events where attendance in programs is crucial.Exam relevance lies in understanding how governance impacts cultural institutions.Possible question angles could include the role of technology in promoting cultural events and governance in art forms.Important Facts
**Chakiarkoothu**: Performed by the Chakiar caste, traditionally not witnessed by higher caste Hindus. [2000]**Manganiyars**: Known for their musical tradition in North-West India. [2014]**Tyagaraja**: Created several new ragas and is known for his kirtanas in praise of Lord Venkateshwara. [2018]Mnemonics
**Dance Forms**: "Bharat Karan Odissia Kathakali, Manipuri Mohini Dandiya Garba" - Helps remember major dance forms.**Ragas**: "M T D B" - Morning (Todi), Todi, Desh, Bageshree - Helps remember important ragas.**Folk Dance**: "B G D" - Bhangra, Garba, Dandiya - Helps remember folk dances.PYQs
"Consider the following statements regarding the Chakiarkoothu form of dance: 1. It is performed by Chakiar caste 2. It cannot be traditionally witnessed by the higher caster Hindus 3. Mizhavu is the accompanying instrument 4. Its theatre form is called Koothambalam Which of these statements are correct?" [2000]"A community of people called Manganiyars is well-known for their" [2014]"With reference to cultural history of India, consider the following statements: 1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna. 2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas. 3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries. 4. Annamacharya kirtanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateshwara. Which of the statements given above are correct?" [2018]"The Raga which is sung early in the morning is:" [2000]"With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: 1. It is a song and dance performance 2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance 3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna Which of the statements given above is/are correct?" [2017]"Which one of the following pairs of folk dance forms and states and correctly matched?" [1999]"With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements: 1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance and drama 2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam 3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir and Mirabai Which of the statements given above is/are correct?" [2014]"In the context of cultural history of India, a pose in dance and dramatics called 'Tribhanga' has been a favourite of Indian artists from ancient times till today. Which one of the following statements best describes this pose?" [2013]"Match List-I (Artist) with List-II (Art) and select the correct answer: List-I: A. Hira Battacharya B. Malini Rajurkar C. Pratiba Prahlad D. Vampati Chinna Satyam List-II: 1. Bharatanatyam dance 2. Hindustani vocal music 3. Kuchipudi dance 4. Pupperty" [2002]"Which one of the following dances involves solo performance?" [1997]